Ibrahim Gardner
The definition of an international student varies across countries. In the United States, universities like Dartmouth consider all non-U.S. citizens as international students, except for permanent residents, eligible non-citizens, and undocumented students. Meanwhile, Wichita State University defines international students as those in non-immigrant visa status, including H1-B visa holders. Similarly, the University of Southern California (USC) considers individuals with an F1 visa or other non-immigrant visas as international students. Prospective international students are usually required to sit for language tests and prove English proficiency before admission. The number of international students in a country can be influenced by various factors, such as visa and immigration policies, political developments, and the availability of support for adapting to a new culture and education system.
| Characteristics | Values |
|---|---|
| Citizenship | Students who are not citizens of the country in which they are studying are considered international students. |
| Permanent Residence | Students who are not permanent residents of the country in which they are studying are considered international. |
| Prior Education | Students who obtained their entry qualifications in another country are considered international. |
| Visa Status | Students with non-immigrant visas are considered international. |
| Language Proficiency | International students may be required to provide proof of English proficiency before enrollment. |
| Academic Standards | International students may face challenges due to unfamiliarity with the host country's academic standards, such as plagiarism definitions. |
| Social and Cultural Challenges | International students may encounter difficulties in language use, making it hard to make friends and adapt to the local culture. |
| Financial Considerations | International students must demonstrate their ability to finance their education and may not be eligible for need-based financial aid. |
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What You'll Learn
Non-permanent residents
The definition of an international student varies across countries and educational institutions. Non-permanent residents are generally considered international students, but this can depend on the specific criteria used by the country or institution in question.
In the context of higher education, non-permanent residents refer to individuals who are not permanent residents of the country in which they are pursuing their studies. This means that they do not have the same rights and benefits as those who are legally recognised as permanent residents. Non-permanent residents may include individuals on student visas, temporary visas, or other non-immigrant visa statuses.
In the United States, for example, universities like Dartmouth consider all non-U.S. citizens as international students, with the exception of permanent residents, eligible non-citizens, and undocumented students. Similarly, Wichita State University defines international students as those who are not U.S. citizens, permanent residents, refugees, or asylees. Meanwhile, USC considers international students to be those who enter the country with an F1 visa or other non-immigrant visas such as the E2, H2, or L2.
The classification of non-permanent residents as international students has implications for the admission process and the overall experience of these students. International students often need to provide proof of English proficiency, demonstrate financial capability, and adapt to a new cultural environment. They may also encounter challenges such as language barriers, a lack of support groups, and unfamiliar academic standards, particularly regarding plagiarism.
It is worth noting that the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and the Institute of International Education (IIS) acknowledge the varying criteria used by different countries to define international students. While some countries primarily consider citizenship, others include additional factors such as prior education or permanent residence. As a result, the data on international student numbers across countries may not always be directly comparable.
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Non-citizens
However, it's important to recognise that the definition of an international student can vary across different countries and institutions. For instance, at Wichita State University, an international student is defined as anyone who holds a non-immigrant visa, such as an H1-B visa. This means that even individuals who are not citizens but have permanent resident status or refugee status may still be classified as international students at this particular university.
In contrast, Dartmouth considers all non-U.S. citizens as international students, excluding permanent residents of the United States, eligible non-citizens, and undocumented students. Similarly, USC defines international students as those entering the United States with specific visa types, such as an F1 visa or other non-immigrant visas like E2, H2, or L2.
The classification of international students can also be influenced by factors beyond citizenship and visa status. For example, language proficiency is often a critical aspect, with many institutions requiring international students to provide proof of English proficiency before enrolment. Additionally, financial considerations play a role, as international students are generally expected to demonstrate their ability to finance their education independently.
While the definition of an international student can vary, the common thread is the recognition of an individual's status as a non-citizen pursuing an education in a foreign country. This mobility across borders has significant implications for the student's academic, cultural, and social experiences, often presenting unique challenges and opportunities for personal growth and cross-cultural understanding.
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Language proficiency
Universities in English-speaking countries, for instance, often require international applicants to submit English proficiency examination scores as part of their admissions process. Institutions like the University of Southern California (USC) have approved exams with minimum score requirements, including TOEFL (100), IELTS (7), PTE (68), and the SAT Evidence-Based Reading and Writing section (650). These exams assess the applicant's ability to understand and communicate effectively in English, which is essential for their academic success.
The importance of language proficiency extends beyond the classroom. Language barriers can hinder international students from making domestic friends and fully integrating into the local culture. Social interactions and everyday conversations may pose challenges if their language skills do not meet the level required for fluent communication. This difficulty in language use can, unfortunately, lead to instances of ignorance or disrespect from native speakers.
To address these challenges, some countries and educational institutions offer intensive language preparation programs for international students. These programs aim to provide additional support and academic preparation before international students embark on their degree programs. Additionally, the availability of support groups and resources within the host country can play a crucial role in helping international students improve their language proficiency and adapt to their new environment.
In summary, language proficiency is a critical factor in the overall experience of international students. Prospective students should be aware of the language requirements of their intended host country and institution, and they should consider preparing accordingly to ensure a smooth transition and a successful academic journey.
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Visa status
To study in the United States, non-US citizens are generally required to obtain a student visa. The type of visa needed depends on the course of study and the type of school the student plans to attend. The two main types of student visas are F visas and M visas, each with specific requirements and restrictions.
F visas are intended for students enrolled in academic educational programs, language-training programs, or vocational programs. F-1 visas are for academic or language students, while F-2 visas are for the spouses and unmarried minor children of F-1 visa holders. F-1 students may accept on-campus employment under certain conditions and may be eligible for off-campus employment after their first academic year. F-1 students are also eligible for curricular practical training (CPT) and optional practical training. To maintain their status, F-1 students must fulfil the purpose for which the visa was issued and follow associated regulations, including attending all classes and maintaining academic progress.
M visas, on the other hand, are for vocational or other non-academic programs, excluding language training. M-1 visas are for vocational students, and M-2 visas are for the spouses and unmarried minor children of M-1 visa holders. M-1 students can only engage in practical training after completing their studies, and they must follow specific guidelines for off-campus employment.
Both F and M visa holders must enter the United States no more than 30 days before their program of study begins and must maintain their student status by fulfilling the purpose of their visa and complying with relevant regulations. They are required to be enrolled in a full course of study during the fall and spring semesters, with specific unit requirements for each degree level. Additionally, students must maintain a residence abroad with no intention of giving it up and have sufficient funds to support themselves during their stay.
The process of obtaining a student visa involves submitting various documents, including the Nonimmigrant Visa Application (Form DS-160), photo, application fee payment receipt, and the Certificate of Eligibility for Nonimmigrant Student Status (Form I-20 or DS-2019). The Form I-20 is crucial, as it allows students to maintain their student status even if their visa expires during their studies. The U.S. Department of State is responsible for the initial visa application process and issuance, while the Department of Homeland Security handles granting entry into the country and enforcing immigration regulations for international students.
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Academic standards
International students are defined differently in different countries. In the US, an international student is someone who is "studying in the United States on a non-immigrant, temporary visa that allows for academic study at the post-secondary level." Most international students in the US hold an F1 Visa, while M-1 students enrol in vocational programs.
International students are usually required to sit for language tests before being admitted to a university in the US. This is because language proficiency is the most important factor in a student's academic performance. However, universities should not focus only on increasing entry scores on standardised tests, such as the International English Language Testing System (IELTS). Instead, they should also provide support for all facets of academic, linguistic, and social development. This includes discipline-specific language, mental health, and culturally appropriate pastoral support throughout their degrees.
Some universities, such as the University of Southern California (USC), require all international applicants whose native language is not English to submit a USC-approved English proficiency examination. USC's approved exams and recommended minimums are:
- TOEFL (or TOEFL iBT Special Home Edition) with a minimum score of 100 and no less than a score of 20 in each section.
- IELTS (or IELTS Indicator) score of 7.
- PTE score of 68.
- 650 on the SAT Evidence-Based Reading and Writing section.
Additionally, international students should be aware of the academic standards and requirements of their host country. For example, the concept of plagiarism varies across cultures, and international students from some cultures may not be familiar with American academic standards. Most colleges give students an E on their plagiarised assignments, and future offences often result in failing classes or expulsion.
To maintain their status, F and M students in the US must enter the country no more than 30 days before their program of study begins and immediately contact their designated school official (DSO). They must also attend all classes, maintain normal academic progress, and maintain a full course of study each term. If they cannot study full-time, they should contact their DSO immediately.
International students in the US should also be aware of the potential impact of their academic performance on their visa status. For example, failing to maintain good academic progress could jeopardise their ability to remain in the country. If a student's GPA drops below a certain level, they may be placed on academic probation, which means they are not making satisfactory academic progress and must meet certain requirements to remain at the school.
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Frequently asked questions
An international student is someone who travels to a foreign country to pursue an education.
The requirements for being an international student vary depending on the country and institution. However, common requirements include not being a permanent resident of the host country, obtaining an entry qualification for the level of study in another country, and having a student visa.
Domestic students are usually citizens, naturalized U.S. citizens, permanent residents, refugees, or asylees of the country in which they are studying. International students, on the other hand, are typically on a student visa and are not permanent residents of the host country.
Yes, international students often encounter language barriers, cultural differences, and a lack of support groups in the host country. They may also face challenges in understanding academic standards and concepts such as plagiarism.
Institutions often provide support for international students through offices dedicated to international student services. Additionally, many institutions offer intensive language programs and resources to help international students improve their language proficiency before starting their degree programs.
